柘林湾海水养殖区底泥中重金属生物有效性及生态风险评价

采集柘林湾海水养殖区8个位点表层沉积物样品,考察了沉积物样品中重金属含量、生物有效性和形态分布,并分别利用基于总量的Hakanson指数法和基于形态的风险评价指数(RAC)评价了沉积物中重金属的生态危害风险.结果表明,柘林湾海水养殖区大部分位点沉积物中重金属含量符合海洋沉积物质量Ⅰ类标准限值,少数位点Zn和Pb含量超过Ⅰ类限值但低于Ⅱ类限值.沉积物中重金属的薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)测定浓度(C_(DGT))与间隙水中的浓度(C_(IW))对重金属生物可利用性评估状况基本一致,Zn、Ni和Pb生物可利用性较高.沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn和Cu以残渣态为主,Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态为主.柘林湾沉积物中重金属总体存在轻度到中度生态危害风险,Cd和Pb生态危害风险较高.沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cd的C_(DGT)与其弱酸提取态含量明显正相关,重金属弱酸提取态能较好反映其生物可利用性.     

城镇污水厂污泥农用重金属源头控制技术措施

城镇污水厂污泥堆肥农用是一种经济合理的利用方式,但其前提是污泥中的重金属必须满足相应控制标准要求。末端降低或去除污泥中的重金属,需要一定的技术、资金和人力资源,推广起来有难度;采用"源头控制技术措施",可从根本上消减污泥中重金属,确保污泥堆肥农用的安全、可靠,且其操作简单,经济合理,方便实施。     

云南纳板河自然保护区周边社区参与生态旅游的模式研究

当前,国内许多自然保护区都把生态旅游作为发展规划的重点,通过社区参与生态旅游,不仅使村民直接从中获得经济效益,生活水平得到提高,更重要的是形成了"政府、企业和当地社区村民的利益共同体",使自然保护区的生态环境保护形成"自愿机制",有效地促进了保护区生态旅游资源的保护和开发效用最大化。针对社区参与生态旅游的现状,研究借鉴国内外社区参与生态旅游模式的经验,以纳板河自然保护区为研究对象进行了有益的探索。     

Study on the Non-point Source Pollution in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Taoer River Basin

The Taoer River basin is the epitome in the west of Northeast China and it is one of the most fragile and sensitive ecoregions. Thus, protection of water quality of the Taoer River is important. Not only point source pollution but non-point source (NPS) pollution results in deteriorating water quality. In this study, long-term hydrologic impact assessment model was used to evaluate the impacts of land use change impacts on NPS pollution, and the replacement cost method was used to calculate the economic loss caused by NPS pollution. Through analyzing the NPS pollutant loads of different land categories and the economic loss, the article puts forward that there exists a close relationship between land-use types and NPS pollution, and agricultural pollution is the main component of the NPS pollution in this area. The results of this study can provide decision-making basis for agricultural development and land-use change.     

汶川地震后的卫生防疫对策

2008年5月12日14点28分，四川省汶川发生里氏8．0级特大地震，造成严重的人员伤亡、房屋倒塌、道路损毁和重大的经济损失。 四川是我国人口大省，本次地震造成大量的人员伤亡和牲畜死亡，灾区基础卫生设施和生态环境受到极大的破坏和影响。灾区公路、铁路严重破坏；     

大庆市畜禽粪便排放量与环境负荷量分析研究

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2012年大庆市畜禽养殖数据和耕地面积,估算大庆市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便耕地消纳负荷情况进行分析评价.结果表明,2012年大庆市畜禽粪便总排放量约为710.45万t,其中以牛和生猪排放量最高,分别占48.1%和29%.农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均为9.45 t·hm-2,农田N、P养分负荷量平均为57.8 kg·hm-2和17.96 kg·hm-2,大庆市各县区耕地对畜禽粪便仍有消纳能力,畜禽养殖业发展仍有环境空间.     

活性炭纤维负载TiO_2光催化降解甲醛的影响因素

利用自制光催化气体反应器体系,以活性炭纤维负载TiO2作催化剂,在紫外光照射下模拟降解室内污染气体甲醛,测试了活性炭纤维负载TiO2催化剂的催化活性,探讨了紫外光光强、催化剂的酸度、反应器内湿度及反应时间等控制反应的主要因素对甲醛降解率的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维与TiO2的协同作用大大提高了对甲醛的降解效果;紫外光强增倍对甲醛降解率有一定提高,但提高幅度仅为11.71%;活性炭纤维用pH=5的TiO2溶胶浸泡做催化剂对甲醛的降解效果最好,60 min内降解率达到68.37%;反应器内的湿度为81%甲醛降解率最高,反应60 min后达82.2%;随着反应时间的延长,甲醛降解率的上升幅度不断减小,最高只能达到94.59%.     

Triazine and Metolachlor Herbicide Residues in Farm Areas of the Lower Fraser Valley,British Columbia,Canada

Crop soils, ditch sediments and water flowing from several Lower Fraser River (LFR) farm areas of British Columbia, Canada, to salmon tributary streams of that river were sampled in 2004–2005 to quantify for residues of triazine [atrazine, desethylatrazine (a transformation product of atrazine), propazine, and simazine] and metolachlor (a chloroacetamide) herbicides. Average concentrations [μg kg^?1 dry weight (d.w.)] of triazine (10,110) and metolachlor (8,910) herbicides detected in crop soils at the start (May 2004, 2005) of the growing season were about 17 and 6 times, respectively, higher than those found for both herbicide groups during (June–Sept, 2004, 2005) the growing season. In contrast, mean concentrations (μg L^?1) of triazines (0.092) and metolachlor (0.014) in permanent ditches adjacent to farms were about 7 and 28 times, respectively, lower at the start than during the growing season. Both herbicide groups in ditch sediments were detected only during the growing season at concentrations averaging about 315 μg kg^?1 d.w. The risk potential of these herbicides for non-target aquatic organisms inhabiting permanent farm ditches contiguous to tributary streams of the LFR during the growing season is evaluated and discussed.     

Agricultural Pesticide Residues in Farm Ditches of the Lower Fraser Valley,British Columbia,Canada

Transient and permanent farm ditches flowing to the Lower Fraser River tributary fish streams of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled at several locations in 2003–2004 to determine the occurrence and concentration of residues of selected pesticides, their transformation products, and soluble/extractable Cu⁺⁺ ions. Of the 43 compounds analyzed, 28 and 22 pesticides were detected in transient farm ditch water and sediments, respectively. About 34% fewer pesticides, however, were found in both matrices of permanent farm ditches. Average concentrations (μ g L^?1) of those most frequently detected in permanent farm ditch water were atrazine (0.20), α -chlordane (0.06), desethylatrazine (0.13), diazinon (0.55), dieldrin (0.28), endosulfan sulfate (0.16), glyphosate (6), metalaxyl (0.27); and soluble Cu⁺⁺ ions (25). Those most often found in ditch sediments (μ g kg^?1) were aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (2,300), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) (250), endosulfan sulfate (500), glyphosate (1,225); and extractable Cu⁺⁺ ions (58,000). The risk potential of these pesticide residues to non-target aquatic organisms inhabiting Fraser River tributary fish streams contiguous to permanent farm ditches is evaluated and discussed.     

Triton X-100在土壤颗粒上的吸附特征研究

采用平衡振荡法，研究了砂土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的吸附特征。结果表明，砂颗粒对Triton X-100的吸附能力总体较低，单位吸附含量均＜1.1 mg/g；砂颗粒吸附Triton X-100过程中存在显著的吸附剂浓度效应，砂颗粒上Triton X-100含量随着固液比（吸附剂浓度）的增大而减小；吸附容量q_m与平衡常数K_L值随固液比变化而变化，Langmuir方程适用范围是起始浓度C₀相对较小的固液吸附体系；0.5～1 mm石英砂的吸附能力略＞0.2～0.5 mm石英砂，0.5～1 mm和0.2～0.5 mm石英砂吸附Triton X-100变化特征具有显著的一致性，采用高斯拟合模型可以反映出石英砂吸附Triton X-100的变化规律，相关系数R²均＞0.98。